The Definition Marketing Management Free Essays

string(90) is this a reasonable methodology and theory for running a business? Indeed, truly, for some. Showcasing isn't Just about publicizing and limited time work. Individuals see it as such on the grounds that limited time work, regardless of whether it be publicizing, PR or deals special action, is frequently the most noticeable piece of a promoting team’s exertion to the outside world. The second legend that requirements dispersing, one a great many people, even the individuals who work in business regularly accept, is that promoting is Just an element of business that only produces 4 Develop your showcasing aptitudes items, unconditional presents and publicizing matter from representatives who work in the advertising division. We will compose a custom paper test on The Definition: Marketing Management or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Notwithstanding, promoting is a lot further and essentially more significant than this. On the off chance that promoting is utilized and really comprehended and actualized erectly in a business, it turns into a way of thinking, a method of working together †an entire methodology, which ought to and must penetrate all through a whole association. Consequently, promoting is everyone obligation, not Just the pro advertisers who work in the showcasing office. For what reason is it everyone duty? All things considered, consider it sensibly. How often have you called an association and been cut off, or not addressed in an expert way, or not been offered the responses you merit? How often have you visited associations as a client and your feet adhere to the floors since they haven’t been cleaned ropey, or you meet staff who haven’t been prepared to manage questions and inquiries? The explanation promoting is everyone obligation is very basic, yet amazingly significant †it is on the grounds that we as a whole have an impact in making the ‘customer experience’. So †what really right? In the event that single word must be picked to typify the focal point of showcasing it would be ‘customer’. Advertising is tied in with understanding who your clients are, having the option to foresee what they require now and later on and, eventually, fulfilling all their needs. All the work your association attempts not Just the showcasing office) ought to subsequently be made and executed to serve the client. The definition set forward by the Chartered Institute of Marketing (see wry. Jim. Co. UK) is a sound one; it portrays advertising as the administration procedure answerable for recognizing, envisioning and fulfilling client prerequisites beneficially. This definition is helpful in understanding the key features Marketing: isolating certainty from fiction 5 of what advertising is genuinely about as it is immediate, brief and pretty much every word implies something that is basic to seeing precisely what the promoting reasoning involves. The initial three expressions of this definition are especially significant in getting showcasing. To start with, promoting is currently observed as being of senior administration significance, being key just as strategic and operational. For it to be genuinely installed into the way of life and heart of an association, it needs responsibility from top administration, and in numerous associations today a promoting chief will be on the board to lead the association advances with a showcasing based mindfulness. Furthermore, showcasing is a procedure. There is no clinical beginning and end. It isn’t straight. It’s constant †a procedure †it never stops or closures. As the world changes, so do our clients, consequently our organizations adjust and advance to move with the occasions. Before we can fulfill the client we should genuinely comprehend what their identity is just as we can †we should distinguish them. Promoting isn’t Just about the present time and place either. It is additionally about what's to come. Advertisers must ‘anticipate’ client needs and needs. Why? Once more, consider it legitimately. It might take your association years to build up another item (or administration) and dispatch it into the market. Accordingly, you should think into the future as far as the customers’ wants and needs and not Just their lease necessities. In the event that your association can recognize and foresee client prerequisites, you can move to attempt to fulfill them. Be that as it may, by and by, there is an additional complexity. Most associations have restricted assets: money related, staff, gear, and so forth. Thusly, an association must look to fulfill its clients productively (with as meager wastage as could be expected under the circumstances) and gainfully. In any case, presently like never before, business exercises ought to likewise be embraced and overseen in a moral and socially mindful way. 6 Develop your showcasing aptitudes The advertising idea Your organization’s most significant ‘asset’ is your clients. Regardless of whether your organization is an item or functional association or to be sure a cause, you should put the client at the core of all the dynamic and arranging (not simply the promoting) choices. Where client needs drive all the business choices an advertising theory has been genuinely embraced and actualized. This is commonly known as the ‘marketing concept’. This must be accomplished by going into ordinary, legitimate discourse with your clients. Each time you get client criticism your association becomes more grounded, as appeared in Figure 1. 1 . Correspondence Client Supplier Time Figure 1. 1 Healthy exchange with customers benefits all gatherings An association that receives the showcasing idea into its strategic approaches is consequently supposed to be ‘marketing-oriented’. Showcasing: isolating truth from fiction 7 Are for the most part associations promoting focused? Sadly not! There are various distinctive business directions that associations will in general follow. Examine them underneath. Creation direction This is the place the supervisors are engaged not upon the client however upon creation procedures, decreased expenses and effectiveness issues. Normally it includes high volume, low edge business with low RD or development. To utilize a similarity, if China were an organization, it would be creation situated. Is this way to deal with maintaining a business inaccurate? Not really, yet it is internal looking. Imagine a scenario where the market, rivalry and clients change. In what capacity will an association following this nonworking approach know to change as needs be? In all actuality, it most likely wouldn’t, which is a significant hindrance of this methodology whenever embraced in today’s exceptionally serious, quick paced commercial center. Item direction This is the place an association centers upon the item it delivers: the highlights, quality, cost and brand, and so on †not the client. Commonly these organizations hope to increase existing items or enhance competitors’ items. Once more, is this an appropriate methodology and reasoning for maintaining a business? All things considered, truly, for a few. You read The Definition: Marketing Management in class Papers The Apple unit is a basically splendid idea yet huge numbers of its segments have existed for a considerable length of time (shows, hard plates, and so forth) and it wasn’t the main AMP player to showcase. The Virgin association has had gigantic accomplishment at taking on significant players in new markets and doing it in its own Virgin manner. All things considered, Virgin and Apple are exemptions to the standard and most item arranged associations receive an internal concentration at their own aril! Once more, it must be recognized that even with an internal looking 8 Develop your advertising aptitudes way to deal with maintaining a business, the item might be fruitful at first, however imagine a scenario where fresher, progressively creative and serious items show up in the market. Consider the possibility that the underlying client reaction to the new item is negative. Will item situated organizations be best situated to react? Seemingly not. Deals direction This methodology is the place an association acquaints deals strategies with sell its items; fundamentally it sells whatever it produces. This methodology got mainstream in the asses, when clients ere beginning to be given a selection of items and administrations †as it were, when rivalry began to truly show up in the commercial center. Hard-sell strategies were frequently utilized in this way to deal with assistance convince the client to get one specific item or administration instead of that of the opposition. A valuable methodology? Indeed it unquestionably can be yet once more, associations must be wary on the off chance that they utilize this sole methodology today. An increasingly illuminated case of a deals situated organization is Dell. Any individual who takes a membership, state, to The Times can’t help however notice Dell’s enormous interest in publicizing. Many days consistently there are half-and full-page promotions, also advertisements on TV, radio and other media. A straw survey of our classes in the course of the most recent couple of years has never neglected to create a bunch of understudies who have purchased Dell machines. Dell didn’t develop the PC, it’s likely not the least expensive unit in the market but rather you need to go far to discover an organization that publicizes its PC’s more adequately than Dell. These directions are sums up in Table 1. . The advantages of being excess By grasping the promoting idea and setting the client at the core of all arranging and dynamic you should Marketing: isolating reality from fiction 9 Table 1. 1 Attributes of various directions Orientation Nature Motivation to change Marketing exercises arranged Production Stack ‘me high sell ‘me modest †high volume, low edge, hazard, D and development Internal Take share by cost initiative Yes Often target late larger part and slow pokes (see Chapter 5) No Product Add to existing thoughts. Some fitting of item offer. Medium volume, infrequently high edges Look to enhance inner or outside opponents Target early adopters and specialty markets Sales We sell what we produce. ‘ Not really the iris nor the best. Can take huge piece of the pie Look to take share from compe

A visit to a theme park, such as Disneyland Essay

A visit to an amusement park, for example, Disneyland - Essay Example There is have to depict the recreation center dependent on experience instead of hypothesis. This permits people to design before truly visiting any park. Age at the Disney world isn't a confinement. The topic setting inside the recreation center bases on Disney classing kid's shows and story stories. The point is to make a figment that the genuine occasions in the story are valid. The Alice in wonderland ride is extraordinary. The ride offers youngsters with the chance to investigate subtleties inside the recreation center. The train goes through different stages that offer Alice in wonderland’s experience as written in the stories. The segment is based satisfied for more youthful youngsters and the occasion coordinators worked superbly in making the ride more slow. This offers diversion and simultaneously guarantees security for the youngsters (Disney, 2015). The remainder of the family has a spot to appreciate as they may pick a carousel ride o a rollercoaster ride that offers an alternate encounter from those encounters at Alice in wonderland. Various spots are created along the exemplary stories. The section is planned in to make antiquated of what might come to pass inside the amusement park. The mix of rides and the skipping palaces with music is a positive on the coordinators front. The clothing standard by the associates inside the amusement park thinks about the primary motivation behind the coordinators. The emphasis would be on the open connection in that the partners at the amusement park build up an environment that is based appropriate for guests (Disney, 2015). The ticketing administrations are unique as individuals may pick various methods of installment relying upon their inclinations. The amusement park can't be finished without a visit at the Cartoon experience where your are blessed to receive a Mickey mouse stories and a look at how these amusement parks incorporates its animation characters to make a diversion in abundance (DIS, 2014). All in all, a firm or any association ought to make its arrangements with an end goal to guarantee fulfillment. Fulfillment

AP US History Study Guide

Studying for APUSH can be a difficult task. There is a lot of information to memorize and comprehend; historical facts, events, places, people, dates, names. It can all get a little overwhelming. Fortunately, studying for the APUSH exam doesn’t have to be as arduous or inconvenient as you might think. Use our AP US History study guide to help keep your study time productive! AP US History study guide overall review Scoring guidelines It’s always a good idea to review exam expectations before studying. Understanding what kind of answers score best is a smart first step in formulating an effective study plan. For instance, on the APUSH exam multiple-choice represents the largest overall portion of your score. But 60% of your remaining score is comprised of some form of essay writing! Multiple choice, 55 questions = 40% of your total exam score Short answer, 3 questions = 20% Document based, 1 question = 25% of your total exam score Long essay, 1 question = 15% In order to create a study plan that works best for you, take a look at your current skill set. Are you an accomplished essay writer? In previous APUSH class tests or practice tests, do you score well on multiple-choice questions? How well do you assess historical evidence? Most students require additional practice in writing timed essays, so make sure you adjust your study schedule to accommodate this type of practice into your study schedule. Key concepts and events As you review key APUSH concepts and events, keep a â€Å"whole picture† outlook in mind. The idea is not to memorize every little detail, but rather understand what lead to and consequences of major historical concepts. AP US History exam questions require students to connect information across time periods, so it is important to be able to determine what a theme/event did or did not do. For example, the Emancipation Proclamation did help make European intervention in the war almost impossible. But it did not actually free slaves. Although you may already have an ultimate list of AP US History key terms, themes and vocabulary, it never hurts to supplement with other options. Rivermill Academy: list of over 444 terms and vocabulary, spanning all APUSH chapters Adam Norris: all 27 key concepts in chronological order, periods 1-9 Quizlet: multiple quizzes focuses on APUSH key concepts and events Key terms and vocabulary Vocabulary is always an important feature on any exam, APUSH is no exception. Like key concepts and events, terms and vocabulary show up on every single AP US History exam. And for good reason. Understanding and utilizing vocabulary properly is an indicator of how well you know the material on the exam. Some of our top choices for AP US History study support: Quizlet Vocabulary: even more select quizzes targeting AP US History vocabulary AP U.S. History Notes: complete vocabulary words organized by chapter Meiner’s APUSH Vocabulary List: list of vocab and terms chapter by chapter, from American Pageant. AP US History study guide: Multiple choice questions On the AP US History exam, multiple choice questions are generally asked in sets of 2-5 questions. Some can rely on graphics, maps, charts or other alternative evidence to determine an answer. Because of the nature of multiple choice, you already know the correct answer is there somewhere you just have to find it! Strategies for answering multiple choice Don’t be afraid to guess. APUSH does not penalize for incorrect answers. So a good test-taking strategy is to answer every single questions even if it is just a guess. Eliminate options you know are incorrect. There are often 1-2 choices that are very obviously wrong. Get rid of those possibilities right away so you can focus on more quality options. Look at other questions for possible answers. Although it doesn’t happen often, sometimes tests provide answers to other questions while asking about something else. Use context clues to help further narrow down possible choices. When down to two possible answers, always choose the one that is â€Å"most true†. AP US History study guide: AP US History essays Short answer Each AP US History short answer question begins with a prompt that involves a historical source of some kind; an image, quote, maps, graphs or document. Analyze the historical sources, then use that information to compose a response. Many APUSH short answer questions focus on opposing viewpoints, so expect to provide support for both sides. Short answer questions ask you to answer 3 separate parts (A, B, C) involving the prompt. Each part is graded separately, so if you miss a point on part A, you still can get full points for the remaining parts of the question. You will write three mini-essays total: the first two questions both focus on periods 3-8, then choose between Question 3 (periods 1-5) and Question 4 (periods 6-9). Data-based question AP US History data-based questions begin with a set of 5-7 historical documents. After reading through each of the documents, construct an essay that includes both information found in the historical documents, as well as your own prior APUSH knowledge regarding any content relevant to the topic. AP College Board recommends taking the first 10-15 minutes to plan and outline your essay, then use the remaining time to write your well-constructed essay. Unlike the short answer, DBQ needs a thesis, main ideas that support your thesis and specific reference to the provided historical documents. Don’t forget to always include outside information; essays are a way to demonstrate the depth of your APUSH content knowledge and understanding. Long essay During your exam, you are given a set of instructions to help guide you through writing your AP US History long essay. Points are given for the quality of your thesis, application of historical thinking skills, support of your argument with evidence and synthesizing with additional content. Like the DBQ, you only have one chance to make a great impression. Make sure you answer each section of the prompt completely and effectively. Remember that the long essay comes last after a series of 4 other essays prepare your writing hand by practicing your writing in advance! Additional tips and strategies for writing APUSH essays: Answer the prompt completely. We cannot stress this enough! No matter which essay you are writing, in order to receive full points your response needs to completely answer the prompt! Brainstorm and outline for 10-15 minutes. Take the time at the beginning to organize your thinking. It will pay off when you write your essay in a concise and well-structured manner. Remember to focus your responses to specifically address the prompt. Write clearly and succinctly. Make sure APUSH readers can follow your argument, explanations and evidence. Write your essay with flow and consistency so that your ideas don’t get lost in poor writing. Review and revise. Take the time to re-read your AP US History essays. Make sure your response explicitly responds to each part of the prompt and correct any errors that may prevent readers from fully understanding your intent. For more information on everything APUSH, visit our blogs at Magoosh.com!

Technology And Its Effect On Digital Books - 999 Words

Innovation today like never before has a problematic effect on distributed. The Internet, imprinting on-interest and the digital book are the principle drivers of progress, affecting all parts of the distributed quality chain—from the way books are distributed. writers can be found easy by the customers without needing to a third party, conveyed (electronic commercial centers), sold e-tailers and read (digital books). The walk toward computerized books didn t begin with digital books customers. the Internet, which is the basic reason for electronic books that clients could download from different sources and read on their PCs. Early digital book customers, for example, Franklin s E-Bookman, rushed the computerized step, yet it was the†¦show more content†¦Offers of hardcover and soft cover book deals, in the interim, had dropped about 20 percent in that time. For the year, the AAP said in a report, digital book deals rose 117 percent. In printed books, mass-market sof t cover deals took the biggest hit, falling almost 36 percent. Hardcover deals were down 17.5 percent and exchange soft cover deals fell 15.6 percent. In December 2011 alone, digital book deals rose 72 percent. The AAP anticipated solid deals in the initial couple of months of 2012. As the cost of the Kindle, iPad and different tablets and digital book customers decrease, more individuals will buy these electronics and swim in the digital book space. As individuals purchase more e-books and read free e-books they download, they will probably buy less printed books. Hypothesis has emerged that Amazon will one day offer its Kindle, whose most modest model in 2012 was $79, for nothing, profiting exclusively on substance for the gadget. While Apple profits on offers of equipment, for example, its iPad, iPhone and Macintosh PCs, Amazon is more reliant on offers of substance. Actually, in May 2011, Amazon reported its advanced deals surpassed its print deals. As daily papers needed to swi ng to the Internet to guarantee survival, book distributers are discovering their way through the advanced age. As per an April 2012 story in the Wall Street Journal, Penguin hopes to discharge 50 upgraded e-books this year subsequent to

Sustainability At The Frontline Of Business Essay

The whole meaning of the book Embedded Sustainability: The Next Big Competitive Advantage is to learn about the incorporation of well-being, social importance, and ecological in the essential of business activities with no compromise in price or quality. The book shows readers that embedded sustainability allows companies to have a better turn out for a smarter way of producing products. It also allows companies to maintain a higher return for investors by reacting with new market strategies of lowering resources and raising customer expectations. In part one the authors begin with sustainability at the frontline of business. Chapter one starts off by reshaping business reality with three distinct trends: declining resources, radical transparency, and increasing expectations. These three trends â€Å"are redefining the way business is creating value†. Their example of declining resources is the decline of total number of fish declining throughout the years from overfishing or of a rapid decline of natural resources all together. The primary factors that are causing the rapid decline of our natural resources include customers, capital and competition, also known as the three C’s. Radical transparency helps to reshape a business by the power of numbers, the magic of low-cost communication, the ending of us-versus-them, and connecting cultures. Also an increasing number of innovative businesses and NGOs using social media to create change. And last of the trends is increasingShow MoreRelatedBeef Industry : A Radical Transformation1024 Words   |  5 Pagesfree range beef and mass produced beef, it is evident what side of the fence people stand on with their preference of beef. It is only within the last few decades or so that the beef industry has undergone a radical transformation. 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It is broken into four distinct sections: Bundle of Actions, Data Analysis and Results, Communication, and Training. The sustainability plan will address the procedural Sedation procedure, documentation audit, data gathering, data analysis, result reporting, the project team, department leaders, certification renewal and departmentRead MoreWaste Management, Inc.980 Words   |  4 Pagestotal number of employees reached up 42,700 with a revenue of $ 13.99 Billion (Wikipedia 2015). The company provides private and commercial waste services, including collection, transfer, recycling and resource recovery, and disposal services. Sustainability Practices: Recycling Single stream recycling Single stream recycling allows customers to mix recyclable paper, plastic, metal and glass in one large bin, rather than sorting these items into separate smaller bins. 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Human Resource Management Harley Medical Center

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Management for Harley Medical Center. Answer: Introduction This assignment is based on the subject of Human Resource Management. The central focus of the study is on the case study of Harley Medical Center, which agreed to settle the EEOC race discrimination case. During this assignment, the answers have been provided for different questions and it has been tried to get an in-depth knowledge on the non-discrimination policies at a workplace. 1: In the case of Harley Medical Center, it has been identified that many people has complained that the African-American nurses do not provide proper care to their new born babies. In order to satisfy the family members of the patients or parents of the new born babies, the medical center tried to not assign the African-American nurses in the care of the white people. However, this has caused the violation of Civil Rights Act 1964. The balance between the patients rights and preferences and employee non-discrimination laws and policies has been made by providing training to the management and other level employees. At the same time, making the patients aware that customers or patients preferences regarding the employees are violating the law and so the medical center will not tolerate this. No staff choice will be tolerated further (Eeoc.gov, 2016). 2: As per the Harley Medical Center case, the CEO of the hospital Melany Gavulic made an agreement with EEOC in order to remove staff discrimination and provide more safety to the employees. In order to do that, the CEO denied granting the request of the patients family member regarding the change of nurse for the patient. The hospital authority understood that if they prioritize the patients preference regarding the selection of staff, then the employees safety will be at risk. Due to this, the hospital authority decided to focus on the laws and policies of employment non-discrimination, so that the employee safety can be improved (Eeoc.gov, 2016). 3: Title VII of Civil Right Act 1964 has been violated because as per this particular law, the organization should not influence or accept employment non-discrimination within the workplace. In this law, it has been strictly instructed that the discrimination against any person based on colour, religion, race or gender is illegal (Eeoc.gov, 2016). 4: The management at Hurley Medical Center settled both the EEOC charges and the lawsuit because as per the Title VII of Civil Right Act 1964, participation in the employment discrimination lawsuit is illegal. Therefore, if the organization did not settle down the lawsuit then that could raise controversies and legal steps could be taken by the government. Therefore, the reputation of the organization could be highly affected (Thompson Kasarda, 2015). At the same time, the employees, who were the victim of this discrimination, could raise their voice against the organization. Hence, the management thought that settling down the EEOC charges and the lawsuit is better for the organization. 5: In order to manage the situation at Hurley Medical Center, there are two OD interventions that would be very effective and the OD interventions are Diagnostic activity and Process consultation. Diagnostic activity would have been effective because in this particular OD intervention provides the remedies after conducting detained analysis. At first, the information about the organizations activity is collected and then observation is done and meetings are arranged with the subordinates. This helps to create better communication system among the employees. Based on the collected information action plan is taken (Rothstein, 2015). Hence, the action place would have been very effective for managing the situation at Hurley. Process consultation is another effective OD intervention because in process consultation, an OD consultant is invited to assist the management level employees to understand and act on the events that are in process within the organization. In this particular OD intervention, the observation is done on the leadership style, communication technique and decision-making process and with the help of the observation, the consultant assists the employees or managers. Therefore, if the management of Hurley would have taken this OD intervention, then the problem of Hurley could be manage properly. 6: Yes, this particular employment discrimination case represents that the organization that is Hurley Medical Center is failure in maintaining a successful cultural diversity and proficiency. This is because the employee discrimination clearly states that there is no equal space for each employee and each culture and so the proficiency in the work of the employees is affected by discrimination (Usatoday.com, 2016). 7: If the tattoo had not been visible then the situation might be different for sometimes. However, in long run the problems would occurred because the employment discrimination was still there and the safety of the employees was at risk. 8: This case has received the national attention because the law and policies have been violated. At the same time, the employment-discrimination showed disrespect to the culture of a large portion of the people in the country, who was affected or victim of this type of activities. At the same time, employment discrimination was unethical (Heckman Verkerke, 2015). Moreover, the organization that is Hurley Medical Center was one of the top most medical centers in the country and employment discrimination in such type of medical center caught the national attention. 9: Employment discrimination can never be allowed in any organization. The employment discrimination case can never create a positive reaction and so the outcome is always negative. However, the organization must have taken some strategies beforehand in order to protect the organization from such type of case. 10: In order to handle the situation of employment discrimination different steps need to be followed. The steps are as under: The step that needs to be taken in the very beginning is elimination of the system of hierarchical decision-making. In order to create a positive and friendly working environment, it is very important to involve the employees apart from the managers in the process of decision making (Thompson Kasarda, 2015). The second step is emphasizing on group work. If the focus is made on the group, then no customer or patient can influence or select any particular employee for availing the service. In the third step, the organization must try to build trust amount the employees. High level of trust among the employees can create team bonding and protect the organization from negative external influences. The fourth step is removing the unnecessary competition between the employees. High level competition generates or influences the employee discrimination. The employees, who are stronger, try to dominate the weak employees. Hence, high level competition needs to be removed (Rothstein, 2015). The fifth step is providing sensitive training. Training is very important to make the employees aware of their duties and required behavior within the organization. In the sixth step, the organization needs to take strategic interventions. Strategic intervention helps to create better relationship with the external environment. Therefore, employee discrimination can be stopped. Conclusion In this study, it has been identified that the employment discrimination at Hurley Medical Center violated the Title VII of Civil Rights Act 1964. Due to this, the management of the organization took needful steps so that any kind of controversy can be avoided. At the same time, the management of the organization has also settled down the EEOC charges and the lawsuit. However, there are some other steps that the management of the organization could have taken in order to manage the negative impact of the situation. Reference list: Eeoc.gov. (2016). Eeoc.gov. Retrieved 17 August 2016, from https://www.eeoc.gov Eeoc.gov. (2016). Eeoc.gov. Retrieved 17 August 2016, from https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/ Heckman, J. J., Verkerke, J. H. (2015). Racial Disparity and Employment Discrimination Law: An Economic Perspective.Yale Law Policy Review,8(2), 6. Rothstein, M. A. (2015). Innovations of the Americans with Disabilities Act: confronting disability discrimination in employment.JAMA,313(22), 2221-2222. Thompson, J. P., Kasarda, R. W. (2015). At Fifty, Title VII Needs a Facelift: Two Reforms that Would Ensure Title VII Works to Prohibit All Racial Discrimination in Employment.JCR Econ. Dev.,28, 257. Usatoday.com. (2016). USA TODAY. Retrieved 7 August 2016, from https://www.usatoday.com/

The Effects on Substance Abuse on Unborn Children free essay sample

The Effects of Substance Abuse on Unborn Children Substance abuse is a problem that many pregnant women in the United States struggle with. Substance abuse is defined as the overindulgence in and the dependence on an addictive substance, especially alcohol or a narcotic drug. Generally, pregnant addicts abuse multiple substances, using a combination of drugs to self medicate themselves. In addition, women are usually addicted to drugs or have issues with alcoholism before they become pregnant. Substance abusing women have also been shown to have histories of physical and sexual abuse dating back to childhood (Gale, 2003). Many of these women are in abusive relationships in which they tend to stay in throughout their addiction. In this case, the use of drugs helps to numb the addict’s pain of such abuse. Most of these women feel distrustful of people in general and therefore, have very little support from their peers. Drug dependence is a disease. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects on Substance Abuse on Unborn Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Drug dependence is the habituation or addiction to the use of a drug or chemical substance, with or without physical dependence. It is extremely difficult for a woman to abstain, even if she does become pregnant. In addition, if a woman decides to seek treatment she may face many barriers. This paper will address the prenatal effects of drug dependence, barriers to treatment, social policy, and what a comprehensive treatment program provides to women who are addicted to drugs and who are also pregnant. Prenatal substance abuse is wrong because there is no question that it poses serious health risks to the fetus, but also poses problems for mother. The prenatal effects of drug addiction vary among the type of drugs that are used by the mother. These drugs include the licit drugs of alcohol and tobacco. Alcohol may produce Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS); a condition characterized by abnormal facial features, intrauterine growth retardation, and central nervous system problems (CDC, 2003). This can occur if a woman drinks during her pregnancy. Children with FAS may have physical disabilities and problems with learning, memory, attention, problem solving, and social/behavioral problems. Research has also shown that boys born to mothers who consumed alcohol during their pregnancies are more likely to develop attention deficit disorders and delinquent behavior (Rothman, 2000). Smoking also has many negative effects to the reproductive process; including impaired fertility, earlier menopause, increased risk of ectopic pregnancy, as well as placenta previa, abruption placenta, and premature rupture of the membranes (CDC, 2003). In severe cases, newborn children may die of acute intoxication. According to Dr. Mark Willenbring, the director of treatment and recovery research at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, recovering from this disease can be a long road. After a year of completing a treatment program, about a third of alcoholics are sober or can have a drink occasionally without problems. An additional forty percent show substantial improvement but still drink heavily on occasion; and twenty five percent have experienced a complete relapse (Bock). Tobacco use during pregnancy can be particularly harmful to the baby as well. Studies have shown that smoking a single pack of cigarettes during pregnancy can elevate the risks of nicotine dependency in children (Buka, Shenassa, Niaura, 2003). Research has also shown that a physiological link between maternal smoking during pregnancy and smoking among offspring is plausible because nicotine and other substances in cigarette smoke cross the placental barrier and may have direct and long-term effects on the neurological development of the fetus. The nicotine that passes from mother to fetus stimulates nicotinic receptors, which are present from the early stages of fetal development. This activity may cause permanent abnormalities in the brains dopaminergic regulation. These effects, which may occur even at low nicotine doses and in the absence of notable fetal abnormalities, may result in a greater liability to nicotine dependence than in those who have not been exposed to tobacco smoke in utero (Buka, Shenassa, Niaura, 2003). The second group of drugs, are categorized as illicit and include; heroin and crack/cocaine. Heroin is an illegal, highly addictive drug. It is both the most abused and the most rapidly acting of the opiates. Heroin, and methadone, a pharmacological replacement of heroin are both considered opiates. These drugs contribute to the development of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) occurring sixty to ninety percent of the time in opiate dependent infants (Jansson Velez, 1999). Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is a term for a group of problems a baby experiences when withdrawing from exposure to narcotics in-utero. However, since the drug is no longer available, the baby’s central nervous system becomes over-stimulated causing the symptoms of withdrawal. Although NAS symptoms and severity vary from child to child, many infants that are affected may display irritability, excessive crying, impaired sleeping and or feeding, fever, vomiting, frequent yawning, skin excoriation, hyperactivity, tremors, and seizures (Jansson Velez, 1999). NAS can be successfully managed with Phenobarbital; a non-narcotic sedative, Denatured Tincture of Opium (DTO); an effective narcotic replacement, combination therapy, and weaning therapy (Brown, 1998). Infants exposed to methadone in-utero may not have symptoms on the first day of life, and extreme symptoms may not appear until the third or fourth day of life. In addition, the higher the dose of methadone, the longer the duration before onset of symptoms, and the longer it will take to clear from the infant’s system. The effects of prenatal crack/cocaine on the fetus are not well understood. Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant that directly affects the brain. Crack, is the street name given to the freebase form of cocaine that has been processed to form to a smokeable substance. However many clinicians agree that preterm delivery, placenta abruption, low birth weight, and increased pregnancy loss are all increased in crack-using mothers and their infants. There is no true withdrawal syndrome among cocaine exposed newborns. However, they have been characterized as severely neuro-developmentally impaired, despite a lack of methodologically sound scientific evidence (Lester, 1998). Children of mothers who used cocaine during pregnancy may be more likely to experience delayed language development. Dr. Virginia Delaney-Black states that these children are 2. 4 times more likely to be in the low language ability group than those who are not exposed (Rothman, 2000). Drug dependent expecting mother often look to the community for support and treatment programs but find that many of these programs are male centered, they generally do not cater to women’s needs and may reject them due to their pregnancy (Gale, 2003). These women are left to navigate the public health system independently. Most medical training programs lack adequate education surrounding substance abuse and because of this many become punitive and judgmental towards this population. Another frequent barrier to care is the woman’s fear of criminal prosecution or the removal of her already existing children by the welfare system. Because women tend to withhold from telling medical caretakers of their addiction, this inhibits needed medical intervention in the form of substance abuse treatment or enhanced screening for medical complications associated with substance abuse nd pregnancy. Accessibility to the treatment facility poses as yet another barrier to care; transportation and childcare are vital necessities. Having to decide between the daily welfare of their children and the daily attendance at a drug treatment facility is an unfair choice to impose, and choosing one over the other will always be interpreted as a bad choice by the caretakers or society (Jansson Velez, 1999). Social policy h as recently contributed a fair solution in dealing with the issues of pregnancy and addiction. According to Berger Walfogel cases are referred to Child Protective Services (CPS) only if a child has been tested positive for drugs and there are indications that the mother or father cannot adequately take care of him or her. Children who test positive to being exposed to drugs in the womb are referred to a clinician for an assessment to determine whether or not they require a developmental intervention; such as home visiting by a nurse or social worker specializing in early intervention with substance-exposed children. In addition, the parents of these children are referred to substance abuse treatment programs for detoxification and recovery. With evidence, cases are referred to CPS only when the substance abuse treatment worker or home-health provider has concerns that warrant protective intervention. Lastly, screening is helpful to determine if an infant has been exposed prenatally to drugs. Screening also allows the physician to offer counsel and refer the mother for treatment prior to giving birth. Comprehensive treatment programs have been designed to fulfill the many needs of substance abusing women. Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center in 1991 established the Center for Addiction and Pregnancy (CAP) to provide a multidisciplinary approach for the treatment of substance dependent women. CAP was the first gender specific treatment center in Maryland and it has served as a national model ever since. Their program offers easy accessibility to the center by providing transportation and childcare services. In addition, CAP offers residential and outpatient care, drug treatment and detoxification, individual and group therapy, educational classes, couples counseling, and outreach services. All infants born to CAP patients, including their older siblings, are eligible for pediatric care until the age of twenty-one regardless of their mother’s participation (Jansson Velez, 1999). CAP provides a one-stop shop to patients, with all their services located in one building. Their program accepts women that other programs do not want, such as women with behavioral problems and women who continually relapse. Only two restrictions apply to being a patient at CAP; women have to be pregnant and violence of any kind will not be tolerated. In addition, there are other treatment programs in Maryland modeled after CAP. Prince George’s County and the Eastern Shore both have programs that cater to the needs of pregnant addicts with the exception of services in one building. However, they do provide transportation to and from locations and also offer childcare services. Overall, the outcome of such women and their children vary from mother –infant dyad to another. Some children will be separated into foster care at birth, while others will be monitored while living with their mother and possibly their father in treatment programs. Some children start out in foster care and then move back home when evidence shows their mom and/or dad is sober and well into the recovery process. Other children may remain in foster care for the rest of their childhood and adolescence, possibly never knowing who their biological parents are. However, if the child is to remain with their drug dependent mother, the issue of abuse and/ or neglect can become a major problem. Characteristically, the drug dependent mother who is given responsibility for their child goes into a living situation where she is forced to assume total care. She rarely has the support of her family of origin, and if there is a man in the household, he rarely assumes responsibility for childcare. Whether the substances are licit or illicit, drug dependent women are less able to care for their infant or young child because they are simply not aware of what their needs are, as her consciousness is too frequently dulled by drugs. The dangers involved with taking drugs during a pregnancy involve health risks associated not only with the mother but also the unborn fetus and include complications that extend well into the newborn’s life. Therefore, when considering the welfare of children, the high prevalence of relapse found among drug dependent mothers needs to be taken into account. References Berger, L. M. , Walfogel, J. (2000). Prenatal Cocaine Exposure: Long-Run Effects and Policy Implications. Social Service Review, 30-47. Bock, J (December 15). Mom: Drunk, killer, victim. McClatchy Tribune Business